The model leverages empirical data from laboratory and on-orbit testing to provide an accurate depiction of explosions and collisions in space. SBM produces distributions of fragments from a variety of breakup events for use by other models such as LEGEND and SBRAM.The following models, which (with one exception) are used only by NASA, provide valuable insights and reflect the results of decades of testing, measurements, studies, and analysis. Figure 3.1 and Table 3.1 highlight the wide suite of MMOD models that NASA has developed (and continues to develop) in support of national policy development, mission operations, and international technical discussions. GEOPROP and PROP3D ( Table 3.1) are general-purpose orbital propagator models, and Solar Flux is a model for the solar flux component (i.e., 10.7-cm wavelength) that affects atmospheric density calculations. Although there is significant related dialogue between NASA centers and personnel, collision avoidance operations are based solely on specific mission needs, as opposed to the foundational research and development that are the focus of the ODPO, the MEO, and the HITF. Meteoroid modeling and simulation, including the Meteoroid Environment Model (MEM), are discussed separately in Chapter 4, “The Meteoroid Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft.” In addition, the committee notes that the collision avoidance operations are not discussed since they represent an operational capacity that is not directly supported by the NASA MMOD offices. Figure 3.1 shows that relationships among the various models used. As indicated in Chapter 1, “Introduction and Historical Background,” NASA’s meteoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) models create the foundation for the technical services provided by the Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO), Meteoroid Environment Office (MEO), Hypervelocity Impact Technology Facility (HITF), and other NASA offices, in addition to being tangible artifacts used by the aerospace community to support analyses regarding space system performance related to debris and meteoroids.
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